It is the first major US university to defy pressure from the Trump administration to change its policies. The sweeping changes demanded by the White House would have transformed its operations and ceded a large amount of control to the government.

President Trump has accused leading universities of failing to protect Jewish students when college campuses around the country were roiled by protests against the war in Gaza and US support for Israel last year.

In a letter to the Harvard community on Monday, its President Alan Garber said the White House had sent an "updated and expanded list of demands" on Friday alongside a warning that the university "must comply" in order to maintain its "financial relationship" with the government.

"We have informed the administration through our legal counsel that we will not accept their proposed agreement," he wrote. "The university will not surrender its independence or relinquish its constitutional rights."

Mr Garber added that the university did not "take lightly" its obligation to fight antisemitism, but said the government was overreaching.

"Although some of the demands outlined by the government are aimed at combating antisemitism, the majority represent direct governmental regulation of the 'intellectual conditions' at Harvard," he said.

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  Shortly after his letter was sent, the education department said it was freezing $2.2bn in grants and $60m in contracts to Harvard immediately.

  "The disruption of learning that has plagued campuses in recent years is unacceptable," it said.

  "The harassment of Jewish students is intolerable. It is time for elite universities to take the problem seriously and commit to meaningful change if they wish to continue receiving taxpayer support," the statement added.

  The White House said in its own letter on Friday that Harvard had "in recent years failed to live up to both the intellectual and civil rights conditions that justify federal investment".

  The letter included 10 categories for proposed changes that the White House said were needed in order for Harvard to maintain its "financial relationship with the federal government".

  Some of the changes included: reporting students to the federal government who are "hostile" to American values; ensuring each academic department is "viewpoint diverse"; and hiring an external government-approved party to audit programs and departments "that most ffuel antisemitic harassment".